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Systems design

How big services stay fast and up when millions use them at once: the building blocks behind every systems design interview.

  1. Latency and throughputThe two ways to measure fast, and why they trade off · 6 min
  2. CachingKeeping answers close so you don't compute or fetch them twice · 6 min
  3. Load balancingSpreading requests across many servers · Coming soon
  4. Consistent hashingAdding a server without reshuffling every key · Coming soon
  5. ReplicationKeeping copies of data so one failure loses nothing · Coming soon
  6. ShardingSplitting data across machines when one is not enough · Coming soon
  7. CAP theoremWhy a split network forces a choice between consistent and available · Coming soon
  8. Raft consensusHow servers agree on one log even when some fail · Coming soon
  9. Message queuesLetting parts of a system work at their own pace · Coming soon
  10. Rate limitingCapping how often a client can call, with a token bucket · Coming soon
  11. Exponential backoffRetrying politely so a struggling service can recover · 3 min
  12. Content delivery networksServing files from a city near the reader · Coming soon